{"id":11945,"date":"2023-12-19T23:03:38","date_gmt":"2023-12-20T04:03:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tempestmag.org\/v01_2020\/staging\/?p=11945"},"modified":"2023-12-21T23:10:36","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T04:10:36","slug":"venezuelan-ambitions-and-guyanese-oil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tempestmag.org\/test02\/2023\/12\/venezuelan-ambitions-and-guyanese-oil\/","title":{"rendered":"Venezuelan ambitions and Guyanese oil"},"content":{"rendered":"

O<\/span>n December 3, Venezuela held a referendum<\/a> on whether to establish a new Venezuelan state in the Essequibo region, which is governed by Guyana. Two million people\u2014about 10 percent of eligible voters \u2013 participated. Ninety-five percent of those who voted answered \u201cyes.\u201d Now Venezuelan President Nicol\u00e1s Maduro is moving to annex 160,000 square kilometers of oil-rich land\u2014around two-thirds of Guyana\u2019s territory.<\/p>\n

For over a century, Guyana (and British Guiana before it) has controlled Essequibo, but it has long been claimed by Venezuela. Venezuela maintains that Essequibo fell within its borders when it was a Spanish colony and that an 1899 arbitral tribunal decision<\/a> concerning the border between Venezuela and what was then British Guiana was unfair. As such, Maduro frames his actions in anti-imperialist terms. One sees this in the wording of the referendum question: \u201cDo you agree to reject by all means in accordance with the law, the line fraudulently interposed by the 1899 Paris Arbitration Award, which seeks to deprive us of our Guayana Esequiba?\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Satellite
Satellite border map of Venezuela, Guyana, and Surinam, including, Guyana Esequiba,\u00a0 the region targeted by Venezuela for annexation. Image<\/a> by SurinameCentral.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Despite the low turnout and how, formally speaking, the referendum was only consultative, Maduro is treating the result as binding. Already Maduro has ordered PDVSA (Petr\u00f3leos de Venezuela<\/em>, S.A.), the Venezuelan state oil company, to issue extraction licenses<\/a> in Essequibo, and signed a presidential decree<\/a> creating the \u201cHigh Commission for the Defense of Guayana Esequiba.\u201d He has proposed that the National Assembly pass legislation to make the territory part of Venezuela and to give companies in the region three months to leave. On December 5, he unveiled a new map of Venezuela that includes Essequibo, declaring that it would be distributed across schools and public buildings.<\/p>\n

While the territorial dispute between Venezuela and Guyana is long-running, there are three key contexts for understanding why Maduro chose to hold the referendum now. Firstly, Venezuela is caught in a major, long-term political and socio-economic crisis. Following Hugo Ch\u00e1vez\u2019s death in 2013, Maduro became president. Since then, the economy has lost 80 percent<\/a> of its value. In 2023, inflation reached a sky-high rate of 360 percent<\/a>.<\/p>\n

According to the Venezuelan Observatory of Finances, by March 2023, private and public sector salaries<\/a> averaged 139 U.S. dollars (USD) per month and 14 USD per month, respectively. With the average family grocery shop at around 370 USD per month, low pay and chronic shortages of basic amenities have left many Venezuelans struggling to buy food. Widespread malnutrition and a crumbling healthcare system have increased infant mortality<\/a> and deaths in childbirth<\/a>. Seventy five percent<\/a> of hospitals lack drinking water. Power cuts<\/a> have been common since 2019. Over 7.7 million people<\/a> have left the country to seek protection and a better life.<\/p>\n

In January 2019, Juan Guaid\u00f3, then the speaker of the right-wing-opposition-controlled National Assembly, declared himself interim President with the National Assembly\u2019s backing, alleging that the May 2018 presidential election had been rigged. However, the Venezuelan military\u2019s top brass remained loyal to Maduro. This left Maduro in firm control despite more than 50 countries, including the U.S. and the U.K., recognizing Guaid\u00f3 as president; large, clashing protests in the streets; and Guaid\u00f3 attempting to seize power through an armed revolt on April 30, 2019. In December 2022, the majority of opposition parties withdrew their support from Guaid\u00f3 and dissolved his \u201cinterim government.\u201d<\/p>\n

While Maduro has held onto power, after years of crisis his approval rating is down to 29 percent<\/a>. By calling the referendum on Essequibo, Maduro hopes to bolster support for his regime through nationalist demagogy.<\/p>\n

The second, related context is the Venezuelan presidential election due to take place by the second half of 2024. Under a deal with the Biden Administration<\/a> in October 2023, Maduro promised to start lifting bans on opposition party candidates and releasing political prisoners in exchange for the broad easing of U.S. sanctions on Venezuela\u2019s oil sector. The referendum and other saber rattling over Essequibo are Maduro\u2019s attempt to energize and reconsolidate his voter base ahead of the 2024 election by appealing to patriotic sentiments.<\/p>\n

The third context is foreign commercial and economic interests in the region\u2019s oil. In 2015, Exxon struck a significant oil find<\/a> off the coast of Essequibo. While Maduro tries to strengthen the \u201canti-imperialist\u201d framing of his actions by pointing to how Guyana has handed oil resources to U.S. companies, it appears that Maduro wants to let Russian and Chinese companies extract oil in the region. This would strongly echo what has already happened with the ecologically destructive Arco Minero project in Venezuela\u2019s Amazon region, where Maduro permitted multinational corporations to mine for natural resources under joint venture contracts.<\/p>\n

The referendum has shaken residents of Essequibo<\/a>, who are mostly indigenous people and have never believed that the land belongs to Venezuela.<\/p>\n